The Chagossian Wikileaks cable judgment, fishing rights and a dose of EU law
11 June 2013
Bancoult v. Foreign & Commonwealth Office, Divisional Court, Richards LJ and Mitting J, 11 June 2013 read judgment
The Divisional Court has now dismissed the claim by Mr Bancoult on behalf of the Chagossian islanders. He had challenged the designation of the waters around the islands as a “no take” Marine Protected Area, i.e. one which could not be fished.
Mr Bancoult said that the decision was flawed (i) by having an improper purpose (it would put paid to the Chagossians’ claims for resettlement); (ii) by inadequate consultation and (iii) by amounting to a breach of an EU obligation to promote the economic and social development of the islands. The Court ruled against all these claims.
The case has, to say the least, quite a back-story. It started with the Chagossians’ eviction from their islands in the Indian Ocean in the late 1960s and early 1970s, on which I have posted here, here, and, in Strasbourg, here. After a judgment from the courts in 2000, the Foreign Office accepted that the original law underlying their departure was unlawful, and agreed to investigate their possible resettlement on some of their islands.
In 2002-4, the FCO (in charge of the British Indian Ocean Territory – BIOT) decided that it was not feasible to carry out this resettlement. Mr Bancoult then started this judicial review. He said that there was an improper motive for the making of the MPA, namely a desire, once and for all, to get rid of the Chagossians’ claims for resettlement. The effect of this MPA is to ban commercial fishing, which was all they would have been able to survive on if they returned.
The jewel in the crown of Mr Bancoult’s case was a Wikileaked cable (here, for those fascinated) concerning a May 2009 meeting between US high-ups and the HM Commissioner. The cable was sent by the US Embassy in London to departments of the US Federal Government, the US Embassy in Mauritius, and to the US military. Mr Roberts is recorded to have said
“7. …Roberts … asserted that establishing a marine park would, in effect, put paid to resettlement claims of the archipelago’s former residents …”
So, Mr Bancoult said, this statement of effect of an MPA was a statement of motive for the MPA. The cable had emerged, it was said, from documents obtained allegedly by Private Bradley Manning from a US facility in Iraq.
At an earlier stage of the proceedings, the Claimant had got a judgment from Stanley Burnton LJ s allowing them to cross-examine FCO officials including Mr Roberts on this document. The FCO had invited the judge to ignore the document, but solely on the ground that it had been unlawfully obtained.
NCND
The FCO’s starting point in the current hearing was that it wished to rely upon its standard policy about leaked documents, NCND – the FCO Neither Confirms Nor Denies their authenticity, and thereby submit that the document was inadmissible. The Court was not impressed: see [28]. Firstly, it was not clear that NCND applied to documents coming from other governments. Secondly, the policy admits of exceptions.Thirdly, and critically, it does not bind the court. Fourthly, the interests of justice would override the policy; to refuse to take account of the document
could, in principle, permit Her Majesty’s Government… to conceal an improper and unlawful motive for an executive act which is claimed to have had an adverse impact upon the rights of a significant number of individuals of Chagossian origin or descent.
Official Secrets Act
After the point was raised by the Court, the FCO’s barrister argued that s.6 of the Official Secrets Act 1989 prohibited the court from disallowing NCND. s.6 prohibits a “damaging disclosure” of confidential information. The cables contain confidential information, in that its contents had been communicated to US officials by British officials in confidence. The information bore on international relations, and arguably, on defence. Hence, its disclosure by any person in this claim would be an offence if it was damaging.
The Court decided that any further disclosure of the document could not be damaging. It had been published in the Guardian and in the Times. The fact that the initial disclosure may have amounted to a criminal offence should not prevent its use in these proceedings: [36]
The Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations
The FCO then raised a new point. Article 24 of the 1961 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations states that
The archives and documents of the mission shall be inviolable at any time and wherever they may be.
And Article 27.2 states that the official correspondence of the mission shall be inviolable.
This Convention was made part of UK law by the Diplomatic Privileges Act 1964.
Hence, the FCO said, the cable could not be used in court.
The Court agreed. It placed substantial reliance upon a dictum by Lord Bridge in Shearson Inc v. Maclaine Ltd (No.2) [1988] 1 WLR 16 on these provisions of the Convention
The underlying purpose of the inviolability conferred is to protect the privacy of diplomatic communications. If that privacy is violated by a citizen, it would be wholly inimical to the underlying purpose that the judicial authorities of the host state should countenance the violation by permitting the violator, or anyone who receives the document from the violator, to make use of the document in judicial proceedings.
It rejected the Claimant’s arguments that
(i) given that the original document was electronic, it ceased to be official correspondence of the mission once it had been transmitted
(ii) the electronic storage facility was not part of the archives and documents of the mission;
(iii) Lord Bridge’s observations were obiter (not necessary for the decision) and should not be followed. The Court said it was not obiter, and rejected academic criticism of the dictum (to the effect that “inviolable” should not be read literally – all it means is that such documents were free from executive or judicial action by the host state); [46]
(iv) other courts of high standing have admitted Wikileaks documents and this Court should follow their example; reference was made to the Special Court of Sierra Leone trying Charles Taylor, the El-Masri case in Strasbourg (see my post here linking to the judgment), and Bank Mellat in Luxembourg (see my post here, ditto). But as this Court pointed out, none of these courts had considered the Vienna Convention point. [47]-[50]
So the cable was excluded from evidence, albeit not before some preliminary questions had been asked about it.
Once this jewel was knocked out of the crown, the traffic – so far as one can tell from the judgment – was broadly one-way on improper motive. The Court at [52]-[78] referred to a body of further FCO internal material which (it said) made it unlikely that the motive for deciding upon the MPA was as the Claimant suggested. This included its deliberations on the consultation process for the MPA. It is an interesting read, not least for the circumstances in which David Miliband (then Foreign Secretary) ignored advice from his officials to proceed tentatively on the MPA plan. As the Court observed at [74]
Later, on 31 March 2010, when the Foreign Secretary made the decision to go ahead immediately, the decision had nothing to do with Chagossian ambitions. The decision to override official advice can best be understood in the political context: Parliament was about to be dissolved. The Foreign Secretary no doubt believed that the decision would redound to the credit of the Government and, perhaps, to his own credit. It would do so the more if a decision with immediate effect was taken. Officials thought that this would create difficulties but it was the Foreign Secretary’s prerogative to override their reservations and make the decision which he did. There is simply no ground to suspect, let alone to believe or to find proved, that the Foreign Secretary was motivated by the improper purpose for which the claimant contends.
Hence, its strong conclusion that there was no improper motive. Having set out what it said was the “truly remarkable set of circumstances” which would have needed to have existed for the Claimant to be right, it closed this part of the case:
Those circumstances would provide an unconvincing plot for a novel. They cannot found a finding for the claimant on this issue.
Inadequate consultation
The Claimant then said that the consultation was flawed.
First, he said that it should have given a full account of a feasibility study (and its potential demerits) conducted into the possibility of the Chagossians being resettled. The Court said that this was all irrelevant to the consultation process.
Secondly, he complained that the amount of environmental information in the consultation process was inadequate – but the Court responded out that the consultation was sufficient, not least because environmental considerations were strongly in favour of the MPA.
The next ground is a rather tortuous if interesting tale; the consultation did not point out that the Mauritians had rights to fish in the waters subject to the MPA proposal. But those rights were themselves controversial. They dated back to 1965 (if not before) when the Secretary of State for the Colonies met Mauritian ministers. The Mauritians agreed to the detachment of the Chagos islands from the rest of Mauritius, on the understanding that the SoS would “recommend to his colleagues” that British Government would use its “good offices” with the US Government to ensure the availability for the Mauritian Government “as far as practicable” of fishing rights. Not the most robust of texts, but, despite this undertaking, the FCO view in recent times was that the Mauritians had no such fishing rights.
The Claimant’s case was these rights (or at very least, these asserted rights) should have been flagged up in the consultation process, because they impacted upon whether an MPA should be declared. The FCO said that the consultation process made no reference to such fishing rights because it considered that the Mauritians had no such rights. The arrangements stemming from the 1965 agreement were political, not legal.
But there was a further complication. The UK currently faces an international law challenge from Mauritius before the Permanent Arbitral Tribunal in the Hague under the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea. In this, Mauritius claims the MPA breaches its fishing rights under this Convention.
The Court was therefore extremely wary of trespassing onto this international law territory. Indeed it said that it was wrong to make any ruling on Mauritian rights, one way or another, in proceedings to which Mauritius was not a party. It should also not say anything which might compromise the UK in those proceedings. Such an issue was, it concluded, non-justiciable: [153].
Ultimately, it concluded that the consultation did not need to refer to these Mauritian claims. Mauritius had been claiming sovereignty over the islands (as distinct from fishing rights) and the sovereignty claim had been identified in the consultation papers.
The EU law issue
An EU issue arose in a case all about islands in the Indian Ocean. Tucked away in the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU – Art.198) is an agreement by member states to associate with other countries in the EU and territories with special relations with the UK – including BIOT. The purpose of the association was to promote the economic and social development and close economic relations. And Article 4(3) Treaty of European Union (TEU) obliges member states to refrain from any measure which could jeopardise the attainment of the EU’s objectives in its treaties.
So relying on these and fishing evidence, it was submitted that the decision to create an MPA did the opposite of promoting economic and social development. The UK was in breach of this EU duty.
However, this complaint had already been before the EU Commission which had rejected it. The FCO’s preliminary argument was that the Court should not reach any view counter to that of the Commission; the Claimant’s remedy should have been to seek annulment of the Commission decision in the EU Courts. The Court rejected this point. The caselaw relied upon arose in areas (competition etc) where the Commission had specific functions. Here, the Claimant was alleging that the UK was in breach of its Treaty obligations, and that was a matter for the courts, both domestic and EU. Further, an individual could rely on a breach of Article 4(3) if established – such a measure was sufficiently clear, precise and unconditional to be capable of giving rise to directly effective rights on which individuals can rely.
But the Claimant lost at the final hurdle. The only measure in issue in these proceedings was the MPA, not the various steps taken to exclude the Chagossians from their islands. The MPA did not prohibit the return of a human population. If the MPA was lawfully made, then the UK was not in breach of Article 198 TFEU.
Comment
There is a lot in this judgment for students of foreign policy, past and present, as well as for public and EU lawyers. But the finding which stands out is the refusal to allow the FCO witnesses to be cross-examined on the Wikileaks cable. This all turned on the meaning of “inviolable” in the Vienna Convention. Once the point emerged and the passage from Lord Bridge’s speech was identified, it was always going to be difficult to persuade a Divisional Court to ignore it. Whether a further appellate court will feel quite so constrained by this view remains to be seen. But on any view it raises deep issues – is it better to distort the trial process or uphold the confidentiality of leaked embassy documents at all costs?
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Related posts:
- Chagossians hit the buffers in Strasbourg, but not over yet
- Chagossians – the latest
- A Chagossian double-bill; an environmental information contest and a touch of Wikileaks
- Extraordinary rendition gets to Strasbourg – a right to the truth
- EU Court annuls EU freezing order on Iranian bank – and Wikileaks again
- Freedom of information: redact, but don’t rewrite
- Assange – does it matter if ministers mislead Parliament?
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