EU’s non-disclosure of UK EU Charter “opt-out” documents is a breach of the EU Charter
13 January 2013
Decision of the European Ombudsman on complaint against the European Commission, 17 December 2012 – Read decision
The UK secured what Tony Blair described as an opt-out in respect of the EU Charter on Fundamental Rights as part of the negotiations leading up to the Lisbon Treaty – which contains the Charter. Rosalind English has summarised here what the Charter involves, and whether the “opt-out” really changes anything. This recent EU Ombudsman’s decision concerns the attempts of an NGO to extract certain EU Commission documents in the run-up to the Lisbon Treaty. The EU Commission was taking its usual head-in-the-sand approach to disclosure (see various posts listed below), hence the complaint to the Ombudsman. And, as we shall see, the Ombudsman gave the Commission both barrels in this highly critical decision.
An NGO (the European Citizen Action Service) sought the documents under the EU Regulation (EC) No 1049/2001 This entitles applicants to disclosure of any information relating to the policies, activities and decisions of the EU institutions. But access can be denied under Article 4 for a range of reasons, including economic interests, the taking of legal advice, public security, international relations or if disclosure of the document would seriously undermine the institution’s decision-making process.
The Commission argued that the Treaty run-up documents were covered by the exception to access set out in Article 4(3), concerning the protection of the decision-making process. It said it must be free to submit internal advice and opinions; its ability to express their views freely would be curtailed if it they would have to take into account the possibility of public disclosure. It claimed that its future negotiation strategy might be affected by the knowledge that such documents might see the light of day.
The NGO countered that the Commission failed to fulfil its obligation to balance genuinely the interest of citizens in gaining access to documents held by the institution, against any interest of the institutions in maintaining the confidentiality of their deliberations. The UK opt-out is undoubtedly of public interest: the public has a considerable interest in ascertaining the position, or lack thereof, of the UK Government, the other Member States and the institutions in relation to the opt-out. European citizens have the right to know the reasons why they will not have the same fundamental rights in the UK as they have in the other Member States. The mere fact that the views of the Commission’s representatives will be put in the public domain does not override that interest.
The draft recommendation
The Ombudsman then made a draft recommendation in support of disclosure by the Commission or that it provide valid reasons for not doing so. Transparency was particularly important in respect of documents forming the basis of the EU Treaties – the fact that the documents arose out of an intergovernmental conference about such treaties rendered disclosure more rather than less necessary. He was unpersuaded by the various concerns expressed by the Commission and the lack of real evidence underlying them.
There then followed another round of submissions in response to the draft. The Commission accepted that parts of certain documents could be disclosed, on the basis of its own view as to their relevance but held to its general position on disclosure of the rest, without amplifying its reasons for refusal.
The final recommendation
The Ombudsman noted this lack of movement by the Commission “with serious disappointment”. In strong words addressed by one EU institution to another
To conclude, the Ombudsman again underlines that this case concerns the fundamental right to public access to documents. Failure to respect this fundamental right is all the more important in this case, given that the documents asked for concern all fundamental rights, that is, they relate to the adoption of the Charter of Fundamental Rights. The Ombudsman therefore takes the strongest view of the Commission’s position. He notes with the greatest regret that the Commission has failed to take this opportunity to address his detailed and constructive reasoning in respect of when and how the exceptions to public access should be applied, thereby disregarding, or deliberately refusing to engage with the Ombudsman’s arguments concerning the case-law of the EU Courts. This justifies the Ombudsman’s conclusion that, in this particular case and for the specific reasons mentioned above, the Commission’s position constitutes a substantive violation of the fundamental right of access to documents foreseen in Article 42 of the Charter.
This is indeed strong stuff. The Regulation may be drafted in such a way that the exemptions virtually swallow the right to access to documents. But that means that it is all the more incumbent on the Commission to carry out a robust weighing up of the pros and cons of disclosure, rather than falling back on all the formulaic arguments against disclosure. The Ombudsman looked at the disputed documents and plainly thought that there was nothing in any of these concerns, hence doubtless why he expressed himself in the way he did.
Another reflection on the run up to this decisions – ECAS sought the documents on 27 October 2007 – a mere 5 years ago, and shortly before signature of the Lisbon Treaty, and when the debate was rather more topical.
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According to Decision paragraph 78, the Ombudsman is not sending anything to the European Parliament (EP). It seems this 5-year process has been largely a waste of time. The only possible positive outcome is that the European Citizen Action Service (ECAS) could cite the decision in any follow-up legal action they may wish to take against the Commission. The EP cannot compel the European Commission (EC) in any way, as I understand it. So, overall, this whole process and procedure has been a waste of time all round, it seems. In our country, an application for a judicial review to determine maladministration would have been expedited far more quickly and cheaply, and possible remedial action ORDERED by the Court. Some time ago, you or a correspondent to this blog made the point that common law in England and Wales was actually delivering far more in the way of protected human rights than most European Union case law development. Perhaps this specific case provides the evidence to support such a claim? While the ECHR appears to continue to have validity, the idea of an EU European Charter seems to be stillborn from what is observed in this decision; in which case, perhaps the human rights benefits claimed for EU membership are being substantially overblown by Europhiles?
John D – pretty much. Check out the Decision of the European Parliament on the regulations and general conditions governing the performance of the Ombudsman’s duties (http://www.ombudsman.europa.eu/resources/statute.faces), particularly article 3(6) and (7). Basically, the Ombudsman has to inform the relevant institution of the decision, then he has report on any recommendations to the European Parliament, the relevant institution, and the person who made the complaint.
Presumably, any subsequent action to implement those recommendations is to be initiated by the European Parliament. Which is, you know, democratic at least.
Having read the conclusions to the actual decision and Rosalind English’s paper, I am at a loss as to what actual difference this finding has had. It is apparent that the European Ombudsman is seriously annoyed by the conduct of officials at the European Commission but is seems s/he has no sanctions to apply. The Ombudsman is a toothless tiger – is that not correct?
‘Article 42 of the Charter’ – hmm: wrong/bad wording, loads missed out, specific characteristics not mentioned, whole areas not specified/properly = loads of rights not covered and still (probably) no access to justice or remedy – not only because some countries (including the UK) don’t even bother adhering to rights already supposedly protected. About time data protection was spelled out (nice to see it get a small mention) but why policed by a ‘body’ that’s funded by government so will never be independent to enforce it? Why not the Police? Oh dear, also funded by government. In other words the exclusions and protections will continue unchecked so don’t worry chaps: no real change just tinkering round the edges. I’m a bit confused why breaches of other Acts are investigated by the Police but not the DPA – but I’m a rather thick layperson (sorry). So all in all I give it 5/10 = could do LOADS better, needs lots more work.
Your site is extremely informative and your posts are both clear and concise.
I have found your blog “essential” to follow, to ensure I remain up-to-date with current / new policies under the UN convention and likewise with our Human Rights [Act]
Brilliant work from a brilliant mind!