Boost for economic and social rights after landmark Court of Appeal ruling [updated]
July 13, 2010 by Rosalind English
R (on the application of S) (Claimant) v Secretary of State for the Home Department (Defendant) & (1) Amnesty International & AIRE Centre (2) United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (Interveners) (2010) – Read judgment
The Court of Appeal has ruled that the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights (“the Charter”) could be directly relied on in the UK in a decision on the removal of an Afghan asylum seeker to Greece.
This Charter combines the rights guaranteed by the European Convention on Human Rights and Freedoms 1950 (“ECHR”) with the fundamental social rights set forth in the European Social Charter and in the Community Charter of Fundamental Social Rights of Employees. The decision could see the introduction of “social and economic” rights into the UK for the first time, but it could also place an unmanageable burden on member states to comply with the wide-ranging charter.
A reference to the European Court of Justice will now be made in respect of the application of the Charter in the context of return of asylum seekers to Greece under the Dublin Regulation. The Regulation is the cornerstone of EU refugee law, establishing a system of determining responsibility for examining asylum claims and ensuring that each claim is examined by one Member State rather than allowing multiple applications for asylum submitted by the same person in several Member States with the sole aim of extending their stay in the EU.
A Boost for Social and Economic Rights in EU system?
The details of the law underlying this case are complex but its message is simple. Under European Union law, member states have to provide minimum standards for the reception of asylum seekers. But the obligations themselves relate to another body of law that exists, at least philosophically, outside the boundaries of the economic imperatives of the European Union: social and economic rights.
When these rights were attached to the Maastricht Treaty in 1992 as the Social Chapter, Britain used its opt-out to avoid them becoming part of British law. On this basis, Cranston J in the High Court said that these rights were not directly enforceable against the United Kingdom, that the Charter was an aid to interpretation only. Now, on a concession by the Home Secretary, the Court of Appeal has ruled that the Charter can be directly relied upon in the United Kingdom.
Whether this will be the new dawn for social and economic rights, or the last straw to break the back of the camel already overburdened with obligations under EU law, is not yet clear. But both proponents and antagonists of social rights have always pointed out that rights form part of the unwritten constitutional underpinnings of the acquis communitaire (that is the total body) of European law and that those provisions set out in the Charter do not add anything in practical terms to the duties already imposed on states by Treaty Articles, Regulations and Directives when combined with human rights as set out in the European Convention for Human Rights and freedoms and the individual constitutions of member states.
But the pinch point may be precisely here, where humanitarian law on refugees meets the basic economic objectives of harmonization between EU member states. The entire raft of EU asylum law – from the Dublin Regulation imposing responsibility for asylum to the various Directives setting out requirements for adequate treatment, due process, standard of living and international protection – are all designed to reduce inconsistencies between member states so as to prevent forum shopping or “secondary movement” by asylum seekers.
To be sure, Article 3 of the ECHR, which can form the basis of a claim in the application of EU law, prohibits “inhuman and degrading treatment”. But recent rulings have set the bar high for this provision; it is not brought into play by mere poverty and inadequate medical treatment. (N v Secretary of State for the Home Department).Even if extreme destitution can be proved, there must be a close and direct link between the destitution and the actions of the state. In asylum cases the link between the deporting state and the destitution which occurs in the receiving state is too attenuated to engage the responsibility of the former.
Asylum and Charter Rights
So it is generally agreed that there is no right to accommodation or to a minimum standard of living which can be drawn from the ECHR. That is a matter for social legislation. But this position may change if directly enforceable EU rights encompass the rights set out in the Common European Asylum System and the Charter.
The Procedures Directive for example requires refugees to have public funding and adequate remedies in courts of law. The mirror provision on effective remedies in the ECHR, on the other hand, is satisfied by extra-judicial remedies, such a recourse to an ombudsman, and Article 6 does not imply a need for legal aid.
And the level of protection afforded by the Charter may never be lower than that guaranteed by the Convention but it can be more extensive. A transfer under the Dublin Regulation may now be challenged on the basis that it is not compatible with the right to human dignity – a right whose threshold has not been set by any equivalent case-law to that which has been thrashed out under Article 3 ECHR – or the right to asylum, or any of the range of requirements relating to work, pay, medical treatment, social welfare services and so on in the Charter.
Asylum and Austerity – Who Bears the Burden?
In the course of the proceedings the claimant adduced a significant volume of reports from the Council of Europe, UNHCR and NGOs about the conditions for asylum seekers in Greece. In earlier asylum cases involving Greece Lord Justice Laws has made observations about “shaky” Greek procedures for implementing EU asylum directives, and Lord Hoffman acknowledged in Nasseri that the practice there for dealing with asylum applications may leave something to be desired and that very few applicants were accorded refugee status. It was plain from the evidence advanced in the proceedings that there
is no budget in the Greek kitty for a fair, effective, individualised and appropriate examination of asylum claims” imposed by the relevant European Union directives.
This is not to cast a slur on an individual member state but it is ironic and also inevitable, in view of recent economic fallout, that Greece should be at the epicentre of this particular legal earthquake. It is a very poignant example of how a legal system – the EU in this case, both in its economic and political manifestations – can be subversive of the very things it sets out to protect. It is not rocket science to deduce that a member state may not be able to fulfil its requirements under the Dublin Regulation as a whole, the related directives and the Charter of Fundamental Rights with regard to humanitarian treatment of refugees precisely because of the austerity measures imposed as a condition on its continuing membership of the European Union.
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Boost for economic and social rights after landmark Court of Appeal ruling [updated]
July 13, 2010 by Rosalind English
The Court of Appeal has ruled that the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights (“the Charter”) could be directly relied on in the UK in a decision on the removal of an Afghan asylum seeker to Greece.
This Charter combines the rights guaranteed by the European Convention on Human Rights and Freedoms 1950 (“ECHR”) with the fundamental social rights set forth in the European Social Charter and in the Community Charter of Fundamental Social Rights of Employees. The decision could see the introduction of “social and economic” rights into the UK for the first time, but it could also place an unmanageable burden on member states to comply with the wide-ranging charter.
A reference to the European Court of Justice will now be made in respect of the application of the Charter in the context of return of asylum seekers to Greece under the Dublin Regulation. The Regulation is the cornerstone of EU refugee law, establishing a system of determining responsibility for examining asylum claims and ensuring that each claim is examined by one Member State rather than allowing multiple applications for asylum submitted by the same person in several Member States with the sole aim of extending their stay in the EU.
A Boost for Social and Economic Rights in EU system?
The details of the law underlying this case are complex but its message is simple. Under European Union law, member states have to provide minimum standards for the reception of asylum seekers. But the obligations themselves relate to another body of law that exists, at least philosophically, outside the boundaries of the economic imperatives of the European Union: social and economic rights.
When these rights were attached to the Maastricht Treaty in 1992 as the Social Chapter, Britain used its opt-out to avoid them becoming part of British law. On this basis, Cranston J in the High Court said that these rights were not directly enforceable against the United Kingdom, that the Charter was an aid to interpretation only. Now, on a concession by the Home Secretary, the Court of Appeal has ruled that the Charter can be directly relied upon in the United Kingdom.
Whether this will be the new dawn for social and economic rights, or the last straw to break the back of the camel already overburdened with obligations under EU law, is not yet clear. But both proponents and antagonists of social rights have always pointed out that rights form part of the unwritten constitutional underpinnings of the acquis communitaire (that is the total body) of European law and that those provisions set out in the Charter do not add anything in practical terms to the duties already imposed on states by Treaty Articles, Regulations and Directives when combined with human rights as set out in the European Convention for Human Rights and freedoms and the individual constitutions of member states.
But the pinch point may be precisely here, where humanitarian law on refugees meets the basic economic objectives of harmonization between EU member states. The entire raft of EU asylum law – from the Dublin Regulation imposing responsibility for asylum to the various Directives setting out requirements for adequate treatment, due process, standard of living and international protection – are all designed to reduce inconsistencies between member states so as to prevent forum shopping or “secondary movement” by asylum seekers.
To be sure, Article 3 of the ECHR, which can form the basis of a claim in the application of EU law, prohibits “inhuman and degrading treatment”. But recent rulings have set the bar high for this provision; it is not brought into play by mere poverty and inadequate medical treatment. (N v Secretary of State for the Home Department).Even if extreme destitution can be proved, there must be a close and direct link between the destitution and the actions of the state. In asylum cases the link between the deporting state and the destitution which occurs in the receiving state is too attenuated to engage the responsibility of the former.
Asylum and Charter Rights
So it is generally agreed that there is no right to accommodation or to a minimum standard of living which can be drawn from the ECHR. That is a matter for social legislation. But this position may change if directly enforceable EU rights encompass the rights set out in the Common European Asylum System and the Charter.
The Procedures Directive for example requires refugees to have public funding and adequate remedies in courts of law. The mirror provision on effective remedies in the ECHR, on the other hand, is satisfied by extra-judicial remedies, such a recourse to an ombudsman, and Article 6 does not imply a need for legal aid.
And the level of protection afforded by the Charter may never be lower than that guaranteed by the Convention but it can be more extensive. A transfer under the Dublin Regulation may now be challenged on the basis that it is not compatible with the right to human dignity – a right whose threshold has not been set by any equivalent case-law to that which has been thrashed out under Article 3 ECHR – or the right to asylum, or any of the range of requirements relating to work, pay, medical treatment, social welfare services and so on in the Charter.
Asylum and Austerity – Who Bears the Burden?
In the course of the proceedings the claimant adduced a significant volume of reports from the Council of Europe, UNHCR and NGOs about the conditions for asylum seekers in Greece. In earlier asylum cases involving Greece Lord Justice Laws has made observations about “shaky” Greek procedures for implementing EU asylum directives, and Lord Hoffman acknowledged in Nasseri that the practice there for dealing with asylum applications may leave something to be desired and that very few applicants were accorded refugee status. It was plain from the evidence advanced in the proceedings that there
This is not to cast a slur on an individual member state but it is ironic and also inevitable, in view of recent economic fallout, that Greece should be at the epicentre of this particular legal earthquake. It is a very poignant example of how a legal system – the EU in this case, both in its economic and political manifestations – can be subversive of the very things it sets out to protect. It is not rocket science to deduce that a member state may not be able to fulfil its requirements under the Dublin Regulation as a whole, the related directives and the Charter of Fundamental Rights with regard to humanitarian treatment of refugees precisely because of the austerity measures imposed as a condition on its continuing membership of the European Union.
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